Urban Heat Island: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation Measures with Emphasis on Reflective and Permeable Pavements

Economic and social development of urban rural areas continues in parallel with the increase human population, especially developing countries, which leads to sustained expansion impervious surface areas, particularly paved surfaces. The conversion pervious surfaces significantly modifies local energy balance contributes heat island (UHI) formation, mainly densely developed cities. This paper represents a literature review on causes consequences UHI potential measures that could be adopted improve microclimate. primary focus is discuss summarise significant findings phenomenon its consequences, such as impact thermal comfort health, consumption, air pollution, water quality deterioration. Regarding mitigate UHI, particular emphasis given reflective permeable pavements.